Cultural Differences In Attachment Essay

569 words - 3 pages

Cultural differences in attachment
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg 1988
Cross-cultural Attachment
What is culture?
* “Culture is a framework of beliefs and values shared by a group, that influences the perception and interpretation of experiences by individuals within that group, as well as their goals for action and their actions themselves.”.
* Parents' attachment beliefs, values, and practices differ around the world.
Although the attachment relationship is universal, parents' attachment beliefs, values, and practices differ around the world.

Abraham Sagi, Marinus Van IJzendoorn & N Koren-Karie (1991) reported on Strange Situation findings from studies in the United States, Israel and Japan. The American results were similar to Ainsworth’s: 71% showing secure attachment, 12% anxious-resistant and 17% anxious-avoidant.
The Israeli findings - from Sagi, Van Ijzendoorn, Ora ...view middle of the document...

(These findings very much replicated Nathan Fox’s 1977 study into infant attachments on kibbutzim.) Sagi, IJzendoorn & Koren-Karie compared kibbutz children who experienced family sleeping arrangements with those who experienced communal sleeping arrangements and found that the children who slept with their family showed the more ‘normal’ attachment patterns.

The Japanese - from Kazuo Miyake, S J Chen & J J Campos (1985) - showed 68% secure and 32% anxious-resistant, in accordance with Takahashi’s findings. (Miyake et al found no anxious-avoidant at all in their samples.)

Sagi, IJzendoorn & Koren-Karie found that only 40% of German infants were securely attached, 49% were anxious-avoidant and 11% anxious-resistant. This supported Grossman, Grossman, Huber & Wartner’s earlier findings and suggests that German culture requires some distance between parents and children - “the ideal is an independent, non-clinging infant who does not make demands on the parents but rather unquestioningly obeys their commands.”

A more recent study by Mary McMahan True, Lelia Pisani & Fadimata Oumar (2001) of the Dogon in West Africa found a complete absence of anxious-avoidant. This was atrributed to the community’s infant care practices which involve responsiveness, constant closeness to mothers and immediate nursing in response to signs of stress.

In 2005 Jin Mi Kyoung compared 87 Korean families with 113 American families, using the Strange Situation. Although there were some notable differences - eg: Korean infants stayed less close to their mothers and explored and, when the mothers returned, they were more likely to get down on the floor and play with their infants - there were a similar proportion of securely-attached children in both cultures.
following on from the important earlier meta-analysis by IJzendoorn & Pieter Kroonenberg -

It could also be argued, from an American point of view, that there was a cultural bias in Ainsworth & Bell’s study as they only looked at middle-class children.

Developmental Psychology (Attachment) Essay

1047 words - 5 pages PSYA1 - Developmental Psychology (Attachment) Exam Questions 1. Outline individual differences in attachment. Attachment has been shown to be different to each human being. It is possible to generalise characteristics but no one has the exact same qualities. Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found out that some babies enjoyed cuddling while others preferred not to be touched. They also found that some children were only securely attached to one

Attachment Styles Essay

1332 words - 6 pages Attachment Style and Relationships Kathy Schwab PSY/220 July 29, 2012 Edward Billingslea Attachment Style and Relationships Part 1 Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory of love is based on three dimensions: passion, intimacy, and commitment. In Sternberg’s model passion, intimacy, and commitment each represent one side of a triangle describing the love shared by two people. Passion means strong emotion, excitement, and physiological

Emotional Response Created by Sparation

1152 words - 5 pages child being attached to both the parent and the provider. Another emotion is insecurity. Parents can feel insecure then they perceive that they are not number one in their child’s eyes. Insecurity can also mean fear of abandonment or fear of being replaced. Parents may also fear that questions or criticism will put their child at a disadvantage in school. However, in most cases, the provider is the secondary attachment for the child. Guilt

Attachment Theory

4759 words - 20 pages Attachment, in dictionary terms, means affection, fondness, or sympathy for someone or something. In psychotherapy, attachment theory refers to how those attachments impact human interpersonal relations. Attachment theory was first conceptualised by John Bowlby, a psychoanalyst who dedicated his time to studying the affectional bonds which form between a child and his primary caregiver. In Segal and Jaffe (2013), the affectional bond is simply

Attachment Styles and Relationships

1275 words - 6 pages relationships an individual has in an even more negative way than that of an avoidant individual. They are more distrustful, obsessed with love, possessive, and often times jealous. Emotion and anger come into play when discussing differences with their partner, misreading how their partner feels about the relationship is common, and they tend to have the least satisfaction in relationships of three attachment styles. Dimensions of Love

When a Romantic Relationship Turns Ugly

1033 words - 5 pages is the product of threats to attachment of relationships according to psychologists Don Sharpsteen and Lee Kirkpatrick. The ways in which people experience and express jealousy are related to the different attachment styles every individual possesses. “Anxious participants are relatively more likely than others to resist expressing their anger. Differences in attachment style, not just differences in the level of security, are predictive of

Social Relationships

1113 words - 5 pages infancy, early childhood, and middle childhood? Beginning around 6 months of age, which signals the presence of a clear attachment. Attachment behaviors become less visible during the preschool years, except when the child is stressed. School-aged children exhibit less safe behaviors than infants and preschoolers do, but extended separations can still be stressful. 4. What are the characteristics of parent-child relationships in adolescence

Hd 1170 Study Guide

1224 words - 5 pages in one? How is the quality of attachment formed in infancy related to the relationships formed in adolescence? Adolescents with insecure attachments are more likely to exhibit what kinds of emotional and behavioral problems? Middle school girls develop a concern in friendship that is unique to them during ages 13 to 15; what is it? What do we know from research about sex differences in intimacy? How are gender roles (masculinity, femininity

Bowlby’S Theory On Attachment

3091 words - 13 pages : John Hopkins University Press.Ainsworth, M.D.S., Bell, S.M.V. & Stayton, D.J. (1971) Individual differences in Strange Situation on one-year-olds. In H.R.Schaffer (Ed.) The Origins of Human Social Relations. New York: Academic Press.Ainsworth, M.D.S., Blehar, M.C., Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1978) Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.Belsky, J. & Rovine

Attachment Styles And Eating Disorders

1912 words - 8 pages . The study, Tereno et al, also included the parents and therapists to examine differences between clinical groups and a control group in terms of attachment styles and perceptions of memories of parental rearing. What Were the Designs of the Studies? The designs of the studies were slightly different for each study. For example (Latzer et al), set their study up to examine the extent to which eating disorders are concurrently related to

The Strange Situation As A Measure Of Attachment Type

557 words - 3 pages (1986) argued that a fourth attachment type, called disorganized and disorientated, was displayed in a small number of children. Their behaviour was a confusing mixture of approach and avoidance, and they generally were unable to form a strategy to cope with the Strange Situation. There are also marked intercultural differences in the ways infants react, as shown by Van Ijzendioorm and Kroonenburg (1998), who carried

Accepting Cultural Differences In Muslims Essay

3472 words - 14 pages Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, United Kingdom and United States. Accepting Cultural Differences in Muslims Since the tragedy of 9-11 a portion of American citizens are under the beliefs that all Muslims are terrorists. There are extremists in every religion but it appears that it is the Muslim faith that is categorized as the terrorist religion. Muslim stereotypes are perpetuated in every form of the media accompanied by gross

Outline And Evaluate Research Into Cross Cultural Variations In Attachment

829 words - 4 pages alone this is very frowned upon in the Chinese and Japanese culture. A knock on effect of this is that we might not get results that are completely reliable due to steps being taken out so we don’t get a 100% replica to the original so that the results of that test will not be reliable/valid. Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s findings for evidence of inter-cultural differences in attachment between countries came from 32 different studies. We can’t

Gender And Cross Cultural Differences In Identifying Prototypes

1919 words - 8 pages , airplanes, fish, fruit, chairs and bridges. Strong prototypical responses included things like the apple for fruit, the young crappie for fish, the passenger plane and the cartoon of the Golden Gate Bridge. However, contrary to the hypothesis of the researchers that gender and cultural differences would be found in identifying prototypes, this study found no significant variations.IntroductionA prototype is defined as being "an idealized representation

Using Material For Item A And Elsewhere, Asses The Importance Of Cultural Factors In Causing Social Class Differences In Education Achievement

1095 words - 5 pages Students that are in a working-class have the tendency to underachieve in school, in contrast to those students that are middle-class, this is due to external and internal factors. External cultural factors are claimed to be a key cause of social class differences in educational achievement according to various sociologist. These factors consist of Cultural deprivation, cultural capital and material deprivation. Students from working class